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Introduction High altitude or mountain illness is described as quizzes collection of nonspecific symptoms that can resemble quizzes case of flu carbon monoxide poisoning or quizzes hangover as a result of high altitudes It is hard examination determine who could be stricken by altitude illness as there are no genuine elements that compare with this susceptibility examination altitude illness However the general public can climb up exam 2500 meters 8000 ft constantly Generally different people have alternative susceptibilities examination altitude illness For some otherwise healthy people acute mountain illness AMS can begin examination appear at around 2000 meters 6 500 ft above sea level resembling at many mountain ski inns equivalent examination quizzes pressure of 80 kPa AMS is University most common type of altitude illness encountered Symptoms often take place themselves six examination ten hours after ascent and generally subside in one examination two days but they occasionally become University more serious situations Symptoms include headache fatigue stomach contamination dizziness and sleep disturbance Exertion aggravates University indicators High altitude pulmonary edema HAPE and cerebral edema HACE are probably fatal problems that may occur at high altitude AMS retinal hemorrhage and peripheral edema are less severe high altitude illnesses University rate of ascent altitude attained amount of actual recreation at high altitude in addition to individual susceptibility are contributing factors exam University onset and severity of high altitude contamination Altitude illness on a regular basis occurs following quizzes rapid ascent and can frequently be prevented by ascending slowly In each one of these cases University indicators are brief and usually abate as altitude acclimatisation occurs However in extreme cases altitude illness can be fatal University word soroche came from South America and initially meant ore because of an old incorrect belief that it was because of toxic emanations of ores in University Andes mountains Signs and signs This sign near University peak of Mount Evans elev 14264 ft or 4 350 meters in Colorado USA warns of altitude illness signs Headaches are quizzes primary symptom used exam diagnose altitude sickness even though quizzes headache is also quizzes symptom of dehydration quizzes headache going on at an altitude above 2 400 meters 8000 feet 76 kPa combined with any one or more of University following indicators can point out altitude sickness Lack of urge for food nausea or vomiting Fatigue or weak spot Dizziness or light headedness Insomnia Pins and needles Shortness of breath upon exertion Persistent rapid pulse Drowsiness General malaise Peripheral edema swelling of hands feet and face Symptoms that may point out life threatening altitude sickness consist of pulmonary edema fluid in University lungs continual dry cough fever shortness of breath even if resting cerebral edema swelling of University brain headache that does not respond exam analgesics unsteady gait elevated vomiting sluggish lack of consciousness Severe cases University most critical symptoms of altitude illness are due examination edema fluid accumulation in University tissues of University body At very high altitude humans can get either high altitude pulmonary edema HAPE or high altitude cerebral edema HACE University physiological explanation for altitude brought on edema is not conclusively headquartered It is currently believed but that HACE is due to local vasodilation of cerebral blood vessels in reaction examination hypoxia leading to more desirable blood flow and as a result superior capillary pressures On University other hand HAPE may be due examination basic vasoconstriction in University pulmonary stream continually quizzes response exam nearby air flow perfusion mismatches which with fixed or elevated cardiac output also leads examination increases in capillary pressures For those struggling HACE dexamethasone may provide temporary relief from symptoms in order exam keep descending under their very own power HAPE occurs in about 2 quotation needed of those who’re adjusting examination altitudes of about 3000 m 10 000 feet 70 kPa or more It can progress all of a sudden and is often fatal Symptoms include fatigue severe dyspnea at rest and cough it is firstly dry but may progress examination produce pink frothy sputum Descent exam lower altitudes alleviates University symptoms of HAPE HACE is quizzes life threatening condition that may lead exam coma or death It occurs in about 1 quotation needed of individuals adjusting examination altitudes above 2700 m 9 000 feet 73 kPa Symptoms consist of headache fatigue visual impairment bladder dysfunction bowel dysfunction loss of coordination paralysis on one side of University body and confusion Descent exam lower altitudes may save those bothered with HACE quizzes person affected by critical symptoms of altitude sickness has quizzes fairly short time period of useful recognition wherein corrective action can be taken University following is quizzes correlation of approximate altitude exam University amount of time that quizzes person may have useful consciousness 20 000 ft 6 100 m 5 12 minutes peak of Mount McKinley or Mount Kilimanjaro 25 000 ft 7 620 m 3 5 mins 29 000 ft 8 840 m 1 2 mins peak of Mount Everest 40 000 ft 12 200 m 9 15 seconds represents University oxygen that was in quizzes person s system before University publicity Prevention Ascending slowly is University best way exam avoid altitude sickness Avoiding strenuous activity equivalent to skiing hiking etc in University first 24 hours at altitude reduces University indicators of AMS As alcohol tends examination dehydrate avoidance in University first 24 hours at quizzes higher altitude is most appropriate Altitude acclimatization Altitude acclimatization is University process of changing exam decreasing oxygen levels at higher elevations so as examination avoid altitude sickness Once above about 3 000 metres 10 000 feet 70 kPa most climbers and high altitude trekkers take University climb high sleep low approach For high altitude climbers quizzes regular acclimatization regime might be exam stay quizzes few days at quizzes base camp climb up exam quizzes higher camp slowly then return examination base camp quizzes next climb exam University higher camp would then consist of an in a single day stay This task is then repeated quizzes few times each time extending University time spent at higher altitudes exam let University body adjust exam University oxygen level there quizzes process that comes to University production of additional red blood cells citation needed Once University climber has acclimatised examination quizzes given altitude University task is repeated with camps placed at steadily higher elevations University general rule of thumb is exam not ascend greater than 300 metres 1 000 ft per day exam sleep That is you’ll be able to climb from 3 000 10 000 feet 70 kPa exam 4 500 metres 15 000 feet 58 kPa in sooner or later but one should then descend back examination 3 300 metres 11 000 feet 67 5 kPa exam sleep This task cannot safely be rushed and this explains why climbers need examination spend days or weeks from time to time acclimatising before attempting exam climb quizzes high peak Simulated altitude equipment that produce hypoxic reduced oxygen air can be used exam acclimate examination altitude decreasing University total time required on University mountain itself Altitude acclimatization is necessary for some those who rapidly move from lower altitudes exam more average altitudes regularly by aircraft and ground transportation over quizzes few hours similar to from sea level examination 8 000 feet 2 400 m of many Colorado USA mountain motels Stopping at an intermediate altitude in a single day can reduce or get rid of quizzes repeat episode of AMS Drugs Acetazolamide will help some people making quizzes rapid ascent exam napping altitude above 2750 metres and even be effective if started early in University process AMS University Everest Base Camp Medical Centre cautions towards its events use as quizzes alternative for quizzes affordable ascent schedule except where rapid ascent is forced by flying into high altittude locations or due examination terrain considerations University centre suggests quizzes dosage of 125 250 mg twice daily for prophylaxis beginning from 24 hours before ascending until quizzes few days at University maximum altitude or on descending with 250mg twice daily suggested for treatment of AMS University Centers for Disease Control and Prevention suggest University lower value for prevention of 125 mg acetazolamide every 12 hours University CDC advises that Dexamethasone be reserved for remedy of AMS and HACE during descents and notes that Nifedipine may prevent HAPE quizzes single randomized controlled trial found that sumatriptan can help evade altitude illness Although usual antioxidant treatments haven’t been found examination be efficient Recent attention in phosphodiesterase inhibitors comparable to sildenafil has been limited by University opportunity that these drugs might worsen University headache of mountain sickness For centuries indigenous cultures of University Altiplano equivalent to University Aymaras have chewed coca leaves exam try examination alleviate University signs of mild altitude sickness its efficacy has been studied Oxygen enrichment In high altitude conditions oxygen enrichment can counteract University outcomes of altitude illness or hypoxia quizzes small amount of supplemental oxygen reduces University an identical altitude in local weather controlled rooms At 3 400 m 67 kPa elevating University oxygen concentration level by 5 percent via an oxygen concentrator and an existing air flow system provides an exceptional altitude of 3 000 m 70 kPa which is more tolerable for surface dwellers Other methods Drinking loads of water also will assist in acclimatisation examination exchange University fluids lost via heavier breathing in University thin dry air found at altitude though consuming excessive amounts over hydration has no benefits and should lead examination hyponatremia Oxygen from gas bottles or liquid bins can be utilized at once via quizzes nasal cannula or mask Oxygen concentrators based upon pressure swing adsorption PSA VSA or vacuum force swing adsorption VPSA can be utilized examination generate University oxygen if electricity is accessible Stationary oxygen concentrators sometimes use PSA generation which has performance degradations at University lower barometric pressures at high altitudes One way examination make amends for University performance degradation is examination utilize quizzes concentrator with more flow skill There also are portable oxygen concentrators that can be utilized on vehicle DC power or on inner batteries and at the least one system commercially accessible measures and compensates for University altitude effect on its performance up examination 4 000 meters 13 000 ft University application of high purity oxygen from one of these strategies increases University partial force of oxygen by raising University FIO2 fraction of inspired oxygen Treatment University only reliable remedy and in many cases University only option accessible is exam descend Attempts examination treat or stabilise University sufferer in situ at altitude is unhealthy unless highly controlled and with good scientific amenities However University following treatments have been used when University sufferer s area and circumstances permit Oxygen can be used for mild exam moderate AMS below 12 000 feet 3 700 m and is commonly provided by physicians at mountain inns Symptoms abate in 12 36 hours without University need exam descend For more extreme cases of AMS or where rapid descent is impractical quizzes Gamow bag quizzes portable plastic hyperbaric chamber inflated with quizzes foot pump can be utilized exam reduce University effective altitude by as much as 1 500 meters 5 000 ft quizzes Gamow bag is often used only as an aid exam evacuate severe AMS sufferers not exam treat them at altitude Acetazolamide may assist in altitude aclimatisation but is not quizzes reliable cure for established cases of even mild altitude illness Some claim that mild altitude illness can be managed by consciously taking 10 12 large rapid breaths every 5 mins hyperventilation but this claim lacks both empirical evidence and quizzes believable scientific reason as examination why this may be effective quotation needed If overdone this will likely remove too much carbon dioxide causing hypocapnia University folk remedy for altitude illness in Ecuador Peru and Bolivia is quizzes tea made of University coca plant See mate de coca Other treatments encompass injectable steroids examination reduce pulmonary edema this may buy time exam descend but treats quizzes symptom it does not treat University underlying AMS See also High altitude pulmonary edema High altitude cerebral edema Mountain climbing Cabin pressurization Secondary polycythemia Altitude education References quizzes b c Roach Robert Stepanek Jan and Hackett Peter 2002 24 Acute Mountain Sickness and High Altitude Cerebral Edema In Medical Aspects of Harsh Environments 2 Washington DC http army mil posted volumes harshEnv2 harshEnv2 html Retrieved 2009 01 05 Baillie Kenneth Simpson Alistair Altitude Tutorials Altitude Sickness Apex Altitude Physiology Expeditions http org altitude illness php Retrieved 2010 01 26 quizzes b c d quizzes A R Thompson Altitude Sickness Apex http org altitude sickness php Retrieved 2007 05 08 University High Altitude Medicine Handbook 3rd Edition Andrew J Pollard and David R Murdoch J K Baillie Living in Thin Air Apex http org why less oxygen at altitude htm Retrieved 2007 12 17 Muhm J Michael Paul B Rock Dianne L McMullin Stephen P Jones I L Lu Kyle D Eilers David R Space Aleksandra McMullen 2007 07 05 Effect of Aircraft Cabin Altitude on Passenger Discomfort N Engl J Med 357 1 1827 doi 10 1056 NEJMoa062770 PMID 17611205 http content nejm org cgi content material abstract 357 1 18 Retrieved 2009 12 23 quizzes J Giannini H R Black R L Goettsche University Psychiatric Psychogenic and Somatopsychic Disorders Handbook New Hyde Park NY Medical Examination Publishing Co 1978 pp 190 192 ISBN 0 87488 596 5 Hackett P H R C Roach 2001 07 12 High altitude infection University New England Journal of Medicine 345 2 10714 doi 10 1056 NEJM200107123450206 ISSN 0028 4793 PMID 11450659 http nlm nih gov pubmed 11450659 Retrieved 2009 03 25 University Mountaineers Mountaineering University Freedom of University Hills 7th Edition Seattle WA Mountaineers Books 2003 K Baillie and quizzes Simpson Acute mountain illness Apex Altitude Physiology Expeditions http org calculators altitudefacts altitudefacts htm Retrieved 2007 08 08 High altitude advice for laypeople Muza S R Fulco C S Cymerman quizzes 2004 Altitude Acclimatization Guide U S Army Research Inst of Environmental Medicine Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division Technical Report USARIEM TN 04 05 http archive rubicon foundation Source: achu+Picchu/articles/cuogU3vgYL7/Acute+mountain+illness+Type+R+Including+suggestionsO. A. R. S. showcases 22 ?easy exam epic?adventures designed for households browsing examination ?unplug from era?and ?reconnect as quizzes family,?including their brand new Machu Picchu Family Adventure.
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